DNA
![Picture](/uploads/2/3/8/5/23859838/5205219.jpg)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is the blueprint for all life.
1. Codes for building all protein
2. Replicated to make more cells
3. Mutates, allows for variation
A, T, G, C
Bases: Pyrimidine (O) and Purine (O-O)
DNA is the blueprint for all life.
1. Codes for building all protein
2. Replicated to make more cells
3. Mutates, allows for variation
A, T, G, C
Bases: Pyrimidine (O) and Purine (O-O)
DNA Replication
Mitosis
1. Unzipping- H bonds broken by enzymes 2. Complementary Base Pairing- Add new nucleotides to bases (A-T C-G) 3. Sugar Phosphate Backbone- Making bonds from sugar-phosphate |
Transcription
DNA -> RNA (nucleus)
1. Initiation 2. Elongation- base pairing, make mRNA strand 3. Termination- stop codon |
Translation
RNA -> Proteins (ribosome)
1. Initiation- ribosome binds to mRNA "start codon" AUG 2. Elongation- tRNA brings to amino acid then to ribosome. Has 3 base= anitcode. Amino acid bond together to make peptide bond 3.Termination- stop codon |
Recombinant DNA
![Picture](/uploads/2/3/8/5/23859838/4699973.jpg?139)
Creating a Transgenic Organism
Recombinant DNA- DNA from one species inserted into the DNA of another species for human benefit.
Examples: Transgenic crops such as nutritional golden rice. Transgenic bacteria such as ones that metabolize oils used in oil spills. Create proteins, synthesize insulin
Recombinant DNA- DNA from one species inserted into the DNA of another species for human benefit.
Examples: Transgenic crops such as nutritional golden rice. Transgenic bacteria such as ones that metabolize oils used in oil spills. Create proteins, synthesize insulin
DNA vs RNA
Similar in structure, both composed from subunits called nucleotides.
DNA
Sugar- Deoxyribose
Bases- A, T, C, G Strands- TWO strands |
RNA
Sugar- Ribose
Bases- A, U, C, G Strands- ONE strand |
Mutations + Mutogens
![Picture](/uploads/2/3/8/5/23859838/7841094.jpg)
Mutations
1. Addition: ACGGT -> ATCGGT
2. Deletion/Subtraction: ACGGT -> ACGT
2. Substitution: ACGGT -> TCGGT
Mutations can be good (HIV resistance) neutral (spirit bears) or bad (sickle cell anemia)
Mutagens
Mutagens cause mutations
-UV light, gamma rays, X-rays
-Pesticides, DDT
-Radioactive material
-Formaldehyde
-Benzene
-Thalidomide
1. Addition: ACGGT -> ATCGGT
2. Deletion/Subtraction: ACGGT -> ACGT
2. Substitution: ACGGT -> TCGGT
Mutations can be good (HIV resistance) neutral (spirit bears) or bad (sickle cell anemia)
Mutagens
Mutagens cause mutations
-UV light, gamma rays, X-rays
-Pesticides, DDT
-Radioactive material
-Formaldehyde
-Benzene
-Thalidomide